نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد سمنان

2 دانشیار روانشناسی بالینی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی

چکیده

استعاره‌ی فرد به عنوان نمایش‌نامه‌نویس و راوی در قلب حوزه‌ی روان‌شناسی روایی قرار دارد و اهمیت آن تا به جایی است که مفهوم هویت روایی در حوزه‌ی روایت و هویت، مفهومی آشنا و بدیهی است. امروزه رویکرد و نظریه‌ی روایت به جای جای روانشناسی راه یافته و پژوهش‌های متنوع و وسیعی را به خود اختصاص داده است. هدف از مقاله‌ی حاضر بیش‌تر معرفی روش‌های مختلف اعم از کمی و کیفی در تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ی روایی و همچنین مرور مراحل مختلف تحلیل کمی و برقراری پایایی در تحقیق روایی است. بدین منظور نخست به مرور کلیاتی در باب روایت پرداخته، سپس روش‌شناسی پژوهش‌های روایی به طور مشروح مرور گردید. ضمن ایجاد تمایز میان روش‌های تجزیه و تحلیل کمی و کیفی روایت، به معرفی روش‌های مختلف تحلیل کمی و کدگذاری داده‌ی روایی پرداختیم. برقراری پایایی در ادبیات تحقیق کمی روایت، فرآیندی است بسیار الزامی و پراهمیت. ضمن بحث در باب مراحل مختلف این فرآیند، شاخص‌های آماری پایایی ارزیاب‌ها معرفی و موارد استفاده از هر کدام به طور مشروح بیان گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Narrative analysis: New methods in narrative data analysis

نویسندگان [English]

  • avideh najibzadeh 1
  • Hossein Eskandari 2

1 semnan

2

چکیده [English]

The script writer and narrator metaphor for individuals is a key concept in narrative psychology; this is so important that narrative identity is a fundamental concept in the domain of narrative and identity. Narrative theory and approach has found its way through various aspects of psychology and a plethora of research has been conducted in this regard. This paper aims to introduce different qualitative and quantitative methods in analyzing narrative data in addition to review stages of quantitative analysis and establishing reliability in narrative research. To reach this goal, first we review general necessary concepts of narrative; then we discuss methodology of narrative research in detail. In doing so, we differentiate qualitative versus quantitative analysis methods and highlight different quantitative analysis approaches for coding narrative data. Establishing reliability is a foundational process in quantitative data analysis hence we discuss steps of this process and introduce statistical coefficients of interrater reliability and their especial applications.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • narrative
  • Narrative Identity
  • Mixed method research
  • Coding
  • Interrater reliability
Adler, J. M, Skalina, L. M, McAdams, D. P. (2008). The narrative reconstruction of psychotherapy and psychological health. Psychotherapy Research, 18,719–734.
Alexander, I. E. (1988). Personality, psychological assessment, and psychobiography. Journal of Personality, 56, 265–294.
Allport, G. W. )1937(. Personality: a psychological interpretation. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Bakeman, R., Gottman, J. M. (1986). Observing behavior: An introduction to sequential analysis. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University.
Bamberg, M. (2004). Form and functions of “slut bashing” in male identity constructions in 15-year-olds. Human Development, 47, 331–353. doi:10.1159/000081036
Bauer, J. J, McAdams, D. P, Sakaeda, A. (2005). Interpreting the good life: Growth memories in the lives of mature, happy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 203–217.
Bradley, E. H, Curry, L. A, Devers, K. J. (2007). Qualitative data analysis for health services research: Developing taxonomy, themes, and theory. Health Services Research, 42, 1758–1772
Braun, V, Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101.
Chi, M. T. H. (1997). Quantifying qualitative analyses of verbal data: A practical guide. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 6, 271–315.
Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of reliability for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–46.
Conway, M. A, Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107, 261–288.
Cook, T. D, Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis for field setting. New York, NY: RandMcNally.
Costa, P. T, J, McCrae, R. R. 1985. The NEO Personality Inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6, 284.
Fivush, R, Haden, C. A. (Eds.). (2003). Autobiographical memory and the construction of a narrative self. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Balanced incomplete block designs for inter-rater reliability studies. Applied Psychological Measurement, 5, 105–112.
Habermas, T, Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of a life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 748–769.
Habermas, T, de Silveira, C. (2008). The development of global coherence in life narratives across adolescence: Temporal, causal, and thematic aspects. Developmental Psychology, 44, 707–721.
Hammack, P. L. (2008). Narrative and the cultural psychology of identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 222–247.
Hammack, P.L, Cohler, B.J. (2009). Narrative engagement and stories of sexual identity: An interdisciplinary approach to the study of sexual lives. In P.L. Hammack & B.J. Cohler (Eds.), The story of sexual identity: Narrative perspectives on the gay and lesbian life course (pp. 3–22). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326789.003.0001
Hammer, D, Berland, L. K. (2014). Confusing claims for data: A critique of common practices for presenting qualitative research on learning. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 23, 37–46.
Hruschka, D, Schwartz, D, John, D. C, Picone-Decaro, E, Jenkins, R, Carey, J. (2004). Reliability in coding open-ended data: Lessons learned from HIV behavioral research. Field Methods, 16, 307–331.
Johnson, R. B, Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. American Educational Research Association, 33, 14–26.
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Krippendorff, K. (2011). Agreement and information in the reliability of coding. Communication Methods and Measures, 5, 93–112.
Lieblich, A, McAdams, D. P, Josselson, R. (Eds.). (2004). Healing plots: The narrative basis of psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Lilgendahl, J. P, McAdams, D. P. (2011). Constructing stories of self-growth: How individual differences in patterns of autobiographical reasoning relate to well-being in midlife. Journal of Personality, 79, 391–428.
Lincoln, Y, Guba, E. (2000). The qualitative researcher’s companion. Journal of Management, 23, 409–473.
Martin Andre´s, A, Femia Marzo, P. (2004). Delta: A new measure of agreement between two raters. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 57, 1–19.
McAdams, D. P. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self. New York: Morrow.
McAdams, D.P. (1999). Coding Narrative Accounts of Autobiographical Scenes for Redemption Sequences. Foley Center for the study of lives. Northwestern University.
McAdams, D. P. (2006). The redemptive self: Stories Americans live by. New York: Oxford University Press.
McAdams, D. P. (2008). Personal narratives and the life story. In O. P. John, R. R. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 241–261). New York: Guilford Press.
McAdams, D. P. (2012). Exploring psychological themes through life narrative accounts. In J. A. Holstein, & J. F. Gubrium (Eds.), Varieties of Narrative Analysis. (pp. 15-32). London: Sage.
McAdams, D. P, McLean, K.C. (2013). Narrative identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22 (3), 233–238. doi:10.1177/0963721413475622
McAdams, D. P, Pals, J. L. (2006). A new big five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. American Psychologist, 61, 204–217.
McAdams, D. P, Bowman, P. J. (2001). Narrating life’s turning points: Redemption and contamination. In D. P. McAdams, R. Josselson, & A. Lieblich (Eds.), Turns in the road: Narrative studies of lives in transition (pp. 3–34). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
McAdams, D. P, Diamond, A, d S. Aubin, E, Mansfield, E. D. (1997). Stories of commitment: The psychosocial construction of generative lives. Journal of personality and social psychology, 72, 678–694.
McAdams, D. P, Anyidoho, N. A, Brown, C, Huang, Y. T, Kaplan, B, Machado, M. A. (2004). Traits and stories: Links between dispositional and narrative features of personality. Journal of Personality, 72, 761–783.
McAdams, D. P, & Logan, R. L. (2006). Creative work, love, and the dialectic in selected life stories of academics. In D. P. McAdams, R. Josselson, & A. Lieblich (Eds.), Identity and story: Creating self in narrative (pp. 89–108). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
McAdams, D. P, Reynolds, J, Lewis, M, Patten, A, Bowman, P. J. (2001). When bad things turn good and good things turn bad: Sequences of redemption and contamination in life narrative, and their relation to psychosocial adaptation in midlife adults and in students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 208–230.
McLean, K. C. Syed, M. (2016). Personal, master, and alternative narratives: An integrative framework for understanding identity development in context. Human Development, 58 (6), 318- 349. doi: 10.1159/000445817
McLean, K.C, Shucard, H, Syed, M. (2016). Applying the Master Narrative Framework to Gender identity development in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 1-13. doi: 10.1177/2167696816656254
McLean, K. C, Syed, M, Yoder, A, Greenhoot, A. F. (2014). The role of domain content in understanding identity development processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence.
McLean, K. C, Pasupathi, M, Pals, J. L. (2007). Selves creating stories creating selves: A process model of self-development. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 262–278.
Murray, H. A. )1938(. Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Orwin, R. G. (1994). Evaluating coding decisions. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp.139–162). New York, NY: Russell Sage.
Pennebaker, J. W, Stone, L. D. (2003). Words of wisdom: Language use over the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 291–301.
Reichenbach, H. (1938). Experience and prediction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Shrout, P. E, Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420–428.
Strauss, A. L, Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Syed, M, Azmitia, M. (2008). A narrative approach to ethnic identity in emerging adulthood: Bringing life to the identity status model. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1012–1027.
Syed, M. (2015). Theoretical and methodological contributions of narrative psychology to ethnic identity research. In C.E. Santos; A.J. Umana-Taylor (Eds.), Studying ethnic identity: Methodological and conceptual approaches across disciplines (pp. 27-54). Washington, DC: APA press.
Syed, M. Nelson, S. C. (2015). Guidelines for establishing reliability when coding narrative data. Emerging Adulthood, 3 (6), 375-387. doi: 10.1177/2167696815587648
Thomsen, D. K, Berntsen, D. (2008). The cultural life script and life story chapters contribute to the reminiscence bump. Memory, 16, 420–435.
Thorne, A. Vickie, N. (2009). The storied construction of personality. In P. J. Corr & G. Matthews; (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology (pp.491-505). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tomkins, S. S.)1979(. Script theory, in H. E. Howe and R. A. Dienstbier (eds.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol. XXXI, pp. 201–36. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Walker, L. J, Frimer, J. A. (2007). Moral personality of brave and caring exemplars. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 845–860.
Wortham, S. (2001). Narratives in action: A strategy for research and analysis. New York: Teachers CollegePress.