نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی، واحد قم، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قم، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی، تهران، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه مدیریت بیماری‌ها و پیوند اعضا، معاونت درمان، وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

استرس والدگری تأثیرات منفی قابل‌توجهی بر سلامت جسمانی و روانی والدین کودکان مبتلا به اوتیسم دارد. هدف پژوهش بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس استرس والدگری در مادران کودکان مبتلا به اوتیسم بود. روش پژوهش پیمایشی و جامعه آماری مادران دارای فرزند مبتلا به اختلال طیف اوتیسم تهران در بهار 1401 بود. نمونه آماری 276 نفر از مادران کودکان مبتلا به اوتیسم بود که به شیوه در دسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای سنجش مقیاس‌های استرس والدگری اوتیسم Phetrasuwan and Miles (2009) و تاب‌آوری Conner and Davidson (2003) بود. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از آمار توصیفی و استنباطی و همچنین تحلیل عامل تأییدی استفاده شد. همچنین از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS نسخه 25 و Smart PLS نسخه 3.2 بهره گرفته شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که مقدار آلفای کرونباخ مقیاس استرس والدگری اوتیسم برابر با 953/0 و برای مؤلفه‌های چهارگانه رفتارها و ارتباطات کودک، استرس مراقبتی، حمایت از نیازهای کودک و زندگی شخصی و خانوادگی بین 76/0 تا 92/0 و ضرایب پایایی ترکیبی نیز برای کل مقیاس 962/0 و برای مؤلفه‌ها بین 86/0 تا 93/0 به دست آمد. روایی صوری و محتوایی مقیاس با نظر والدین و متخصصان تأیید شد. روایی ملاکی با استفاده از مقیاس تاب‌آوری به‌طور هم‌زمان قابل‌قبول بوده است. تحلیل عامل تأییدی نشان داد که ضمن برخورداری مقیاس از روایی همگرا و واگرای مطلوب، مدل چهار عاملی تأیید شد. با توجه پایایی و روایی مناسب، به متخصصان بالینی و محققان توصیه می‌شود برای سنجش استرس والدگری مادران از مقیاس مذکور استفاده نمایند

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluating the Psychometric Performance of the Parenting Stress Scale (PSI) in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Marziyeh Karimi 1
  • Sadegh Nasri 2
  • Fatemeh Ghaemi 3

1 Ph.D. Student in Psychology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Transplantation & Diseases Management, Vice Chancellery for Treatment, Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

The aforementioned title is more appropriate for your research and provides clear information regarding the study's scope, objectives, background, study population, and methodology. It also provides a straightforward description of the study's central topic- parental stress- along with its relevance to mothers of individuals with ASD. The statistical sample was 276 people who were selected in an available manner. The tools were the Autism Parenting Stress Scale of Phetrasuwan and Miles (2009) and the Resilience Scale of Conner and Davidson (2003). Descriptive and inferential statistics, in addition to confirmatory factor analysis, were utilized for the data analysis. The software packages used for the analysis, namely, SPSSV25 and Smart PLS version 3.2, are specified as well. Notably, the findings revealed a high internal consistency (with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.953) of the Autism Parenting Stress Scale and its components. The reliability coefficients for the subcomponents range from 0.76 to 0.92, with a general CR of 0.962. The face and content validity of the scale were confirmed by the opinions of parents and experts. Criterion validity using the resilience scale has been equally acceptable. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that while the scale has favorable convergent and divergent validity, the four-factor model was confirmed. Considering the appropriate reliability and validity, it is recommended that clinical experts and researchers use the mentioned scale to measure the parenting stress of mothers.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Parenting stress scale
  • autism
  • reliability
  • validity
  • confirmatory factor analysis
  • mothers
Abidin, R. R. (1995). Manual for the parenting stress index. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: (DSM-V), 5th Edn. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Barroso, N. E., Mendez, L., Graziano, P. A., and Bagner, D. M. (2018). Parenting stress through the lens of different clinical groups: a systematic review & meta-analysis. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 46, 449–461. 
Berry, J. O., & Jones, W. H. (1995). The Parental Stress Scale: Initial psychometric evidence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12(3), 463-472.
Clauser, P., Ding, Y., Chen, E. C., Cho, S. J., Wang, C., & Hwang, J. (2021). Parenting styles, parenting stress, and behavioral outcomes in children with autism. School Psychology International42(1), 33-56.
Coolican, J., Smith, I. M., & Bryson, S. E. (2010). Brief parent training in pivotal response treatment for preschoolers with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(12), 1321–1330.
Craig, F., Operto, F. F., De Giacomo, A., Margari, L., Frolli, A., Conson, M., et al. (2016). Parenting stress among parents of children with            neurodevelopmental disorders. Psych. Res. 242, 121–129.
DePape, A. M, & Lindsay, S. (2014). Parents’ Experiences of Caring for a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Qualitative Health Research 25: 569–83.
Ekas, N., & Whitman, T. L. (2010). Autism symptom topography and   maternal socioemotional functioning. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities115(3), 234-249.
Everly Jr, G. S., & Lating, J. (2002). A personality-guided approach to the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Fedayi, Z., Dehghani, M., Tahmasian, K., Farhadi, F. (2010). Examining the factor structure, reliability and validity of the short form - parenting stress index (PSI-SF) of mothers of normal children 7-12 years old. Journal of Behavioral Sciences Research, 8(2), 81 - 91. [In Persian]
Gabriela R. R., Ignacia A., & de Paúl, J. (2020). Parenting Stress Index- Short Form: Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version in Mothers of Children Aged 0 to 8 Years Psychosocial Intervention, 30(1) 27-34
Giovagnoli, G., Postorino, V., Fatta, L. M., Sanges, V., De Peppo, L., Vassena, L., et al. (2015). Behavioral and emotional profile and parental stress in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder. Res. Dev. Disabil. 45-46, 411–421.
Gobrial, E. (2018). The lived experiences of mothers of children with the autism spectrum disorders in Egypt. Social sciences7(8), 133.
Gördesli, M. A. & Sünbül, Z. A. (2021). The Psychometric Properties of Parental Stress Scale-Turkish Form. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 11(61), 199-213
Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of autism and developmental disorders43(3), 629-642.
Holditch-Davis, D., & Miles, M. S. (2005). Parenting research in nursing. In J. J. Fitzpatrick & M. Wallace (Eds.), Encyclopedia of nursing research (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
Johnson N. L. & Simpson, P. M. (2013). PhD Lack of Father Involvement in Research on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Maternal   Parenting Stress and Family Functioning. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34, 220–228
Kausar, N., Akram, B., Dawood, S., & Ahmad, F. (2019). Development of an indigenous parental perceived stress scale for children with autism spectrum disorder. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 433-456.
Kiami, S. R., and Goodgold, S. (2017). Support needs and coping strategies as predictors of stress level among mothers of children with autism              spectrum disorder. Autism Res. Treat. 2017:8685950.
Kobayashi, T., Inagaki, M., & Kaga, M. (2012). Professional caregiver’s view on mental health in parents of children with developmental disabilities: A nationwide study of institutions and consultation centers in Japan. ISRN Pediatrics, 2012, 121898.
Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., & Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2018).  Autism spectrum disorder. the Lancet, 392(10146), 508–520.
Miranda, A., Mira, A., Berenguer, C., Rosello, B., & Baixauli, I. (2019). Parenting stress in mothers of            children with autism without intellectual disability. Mediation of behavioral problems and coping           strategies. Frontiers in psychology10, 464.
Mohtashmi, T., Ebrahimi, F., Ali Akbari Dehkordi, M., & Chimeh, N. (2015). Comparison of parenting stress, satisfaction and family functioning of mothers of children with autism and mothers of children with normal development. Exceptional Children Quarterly, 16(6), 51-61. [In Persian]
Rao, P. A., & Beidel, D. C. (2009). The impact of children with high-functioning autism on parental stress, sibling adjustment, and family functioning. Behavior modification33(4), 437-451.
Seymour, M., Wood, C., Giallo, R., & Jellett, R. (2013). Fatigue, stress and coping in mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 1547– 1554.
Shirzadi, P., Faramarzi, S.,Ghasemi, M., Shafii, M. (1393). Investigating the validity and reliability of the parenting stress index short form (PSI-SF). Roish Journal of Psychology, 9, 91 - 101. [In Persian]
Smith, L. E., Greenberg, J. S., & Seltzer, M. M. (2012). Social support and well-being at mid-life among mothers of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders42(9), 1818-1826.
Watson, S. L., Coons, K. D., and Hayes, S. A. (2013). Autism spectrum  disorder and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Part I: a comparison of         parenting stress. J. Intellect. Dev. Dis. 38, 95–104. 
Weiss, J. A., Wingsiong, A., & Lunsky, Y. (2014). Defining crisis in families of individuals with autism spectrum disorders.  Autism18(8), 985-995.