نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 مدرس روان‌شناسی در مؤسسه‌ی آموزش عالی اقبال لاهوری مشهد

2 کارشناس ارشد تحقیقات آموزشی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز.

چکیده

امروزه نقش بنیادین حضور هدف در زندگی، در راستای افزایش سلامت تن و روان، به تأیید رسیده است. از نگاه ویکتور فرانکل، وجود هدف در زندگی، به زندگی معنا می‌دهد و تاب‌آوری در برابر دردها و آسیب‌های شدید را ممکن می‌سازد. اهمیت سازه‌ی هدف در زندگی، نیاز به وجود ابزاری معتبر و روا برای اندازه‌گیری آن را آشکار می‌سازد. پرسش‌نامه‌ی هدف در زندگی کرامباف و ماهولیک، نخستین ابزار و یکی از پرکاربردترین ابزارهای سنجش هدف‌مندی زندگی است. هدف از این پژوهش، تعیین ساختار عاملی پرسش‌نامه‌ی هدف در زندگی است. بدین منظور، این پرسش‌نامه بر روی 206 تن از دانشجویان دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد که به شیوه‌ی تصادفی طبقه‌ای گزیده شده بودند، اجرا شد. تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی، وجود دو عامل ((اندریافت)) و ((هدف)) را در این پرسش‌نامه نشان داد، که این یافته با تحلیل عاملی تأییدی، تأیید گردید. روی‌هم‌رفته یافته‌های این پژوهش، نشان‌دهنده‌ی روایی عاملی پرسش‌نامه‌ی هدف در زندگی با الگوی دوعاملی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Factor structure of "Purpose in Life" questionnaire

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Javad Rabbani Parsa 1
  • Elham Rabbani Parsa 2

1 Psychotherapist at student's counseling and empowerment center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Psychology lecturer at Eqbal Lahoori Institute of higher education.

2 Master of educational research, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Exploratory factor analysis
  • Confirmatory factor analysis
  • Purpose in life
  • Meaning in life
  • Crumbaugh and Maholick
بخشی‌پور، عباس و دژکام، محمود. (1384). تحلیل عاملی تأییدی مقیاس عاطفه‌ی مثبت و منفی. مجله‌ی روان‏شناسی، 9(4)، 351-365.
پروچاسکا، جِی، اُ و نورکراس جِی، سی. (1391). نظریه‌های روا‌‌ن‌درمانی (نظام‌های روان‌درمانی). ویراست ششم انگلیسی. ترجمه‌ی یحیی سیدمحمدی. تهران: روان.
چراغی، مونا عُریضی، حمیدرضا و فراهانی، حجت‌الله. (1387). بررسی اعتبار، روایی، تحلیل عوامل و هنجاریابی پرسش‌‌نامه‌ی هدف در زندگی کرامباف و ماهولیک. فصل‌نامه‌ی روان‏شناسی، 48، 396–413.
شریفی، حسن‌پاشا و نجفی زند، جعفر. (1386). روش‌های آماری در علوم رفتاری. تهران: سخن.
شریفی، حسن‌پاشا و شریفی، نسترن. (1399). اصول روان‌سنجی و روان‌آزمایی (ویراست دوم). تهران: رشد.
فرانکل، ویکتور امیل. (1389). انسان در جست‌وجوی معنا. ترجمه‌ی نهضت صالحیان و مهین میلانی. تهران: دُرسا.
فرزاد، ولی‌الله کدیور، پروین شکری، امید و دانشورپور، زهره. (1386). بررسی تحلیل عاملی تأییدی و همسانی درونی پرسش‌نامه‌ی سبک‌های تفکر (فرم کوتاه) در دانشجویان. فصل‌نامه‌ی روان‏شناسی دانشگاه تبریز، 2(6)، 89-116.
کُرِی، ج. (1390). نظریه و کاربست مشاوره و روان‌درمانی، ویراست هفتم انگلیسی. ترجمه‌ی یحیی سیدمحمدی. تهران: ارسباران.
References
Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health: How people manage stress and stay well. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Battista & Almond, R. (1973). The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry, 36, 409–427.
Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Meanings of life. New York: Guilford.
Bonebright, C. A., Clay, D. L., & Ankenmann, R. D. (2000). The relationship of workaholism with work–life conflict, life satisfaction, and purpose in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 469–477.
Boyle, P. A., Buchman, A. S. & Bennett, D. A. (2010). Purpose in life is associated with a reduced risk of incident disability among community-dwelling older persons. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18: 1093–1102.
Boyle, P. A., Buchman, A., Barnes, L. & Bennett, D. (2010). Effect of a purpose in life on risk of incident Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment in community dwelling older persons. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67: 304–310.
Boyle, P. A., Buchman, A. S., Wilson, R. S., Yu, L., Schneider, J. A., et al. (2012). Effect of purpose in life on the relation between Alzheimer disease pathologic changes on cognitive function in advanced age. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69: 499–505.
Boyle P. A., Barnes, L. L., Buchman A. S. & Bennett, D. A. (2009). Purpose in life is associated with mortality among community-dwelling older persons. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71: 574–579.
Chamberlain & Zika, S. (1988a). Measuring meaning in life: An examination of three scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 847-853.
Chamberlain, K., & Zika, S. (1988b). Religiosity, life meaning, and well-being: Some relationships in a sample of women. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 411–420.
Crumbaugh, J. C., & Maholick, L. T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl’s concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20, 200–207.
Crumbaugh & Maholick, L. T. (1969). Manual of instructions for the Purpose-in-Life-Test. Munster: Psychometric Affiliates.
Debats, D. L., Van Der Lubbe, P. M., & Wezeman, F. R. A. (1993). On the psychometric properties of the Life Regard Index (LRI): A measure of meaningful life. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 337–345.
Dyck, M. J. (1987). Assessing logotherapeutic constructs: Conceptual and psychometric status of the Purpose in Life and Seeking of Noetic Goals Tests. Clinical Psychology Review, 7, 439–447.
Frankl, V. E. (1963). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. New York: Washington Square Press.
Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Steger, M. (2003). Assessing optimal human functioning. InW. B.Walsh (Ed.), Counseling psychology and optimal human functioning (pp. 251–278). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Garfield, C. (1973). A psychometric and clinical investigation of Frankl’s concept of existential vacuum and anomie. Psychiatry, 36, 396-408.
Halama, P. (2009). The PIL test in a Slovak sample: internal consistency and factor structure. The International Forum for Logotherapy, 32, 84-88.
Harlow, L. L., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1986). Depression, self-derogation, substance use, and suicide ideation: Lack of purpose in life as a mediational factor. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 5–21.
Henry, K. L., Lovegrove, P. J., Steger, M. F., Chen, P. J., Cigularov, K. P., & Tomazic, R. G. (2014). The potential role of meaning in life in the relationship between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 43, 221–232.
Joshanloo, M. (2018). Income satisfaction is less predictive of life satisfaction in individuals who believe their lives have meaning or purpose: A 94-nation study. Personality and Individual Differences, 129 pp. 92-94.
Kiang, L., & Fuligni, A. (2010). Meaning in life as a mediator of ethnic identity and adjustment among adolescents from Latin, Asian, and European American backgrounds. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 39, 1253–1264.
Kim, E. S., Sun, J. K., Park, N., Peterson, C. (2013). Purpose in life and reduced incidence of stroke in older adults: 'The Health and Retirement Study'. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 74(5):427-432.
Lent, R. W. (2004). Toward a unifying theoretical and practical perspective on well-being and psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 482–509.
Martela, F., & Steger, M. F. (2016). The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose and significance. Journal of Positive Psychology, 11, 531-545.
McGregor, I., & Little, B. R. (1998). Personal projects, happiness, and meaning: On doing well and being yourself. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 494–512.
Melton, Amanda M.A., Schulenberg, Stefan E. (2008). On the Measurement of Meaning: Logotherapy's Empirical Contributions to Humanistic Psychology. The Humanistic Psychology, 36: 31-44.
Musich, S., Wang, S., Kraemer, S., & Hawkins, K. & Wicker, E. (2018). Purpose in Life and Positive Health Outcomes Among Older Adults. Population Health Management, 21(2): 139 – 147.
Pinquart, M. (2002). Creating and maintaining purpose in life in old age: A meta-analysis. Ageing International, 27, 90–114.
Reker, G. T. (1992). Manual: Life Attitude Profile—Revised. Petersborough, Ontario, Canada: Student Psychologists Press.
Reker, G. T., & Peacock, E. J. (1981). The Life Attitude Profile (LAP): A multidimensional instrument for assessing attitudes toward life. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 13, 264–273.
Reker & Cousins, J. B. (1979). Factor structure, construct validity and reliability of the Seeking of Noetic Goals (SONG) and Purpose in Life (the PIL) tests. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 85-91.
Rose, L., Zask, A., & Burton, L. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) in a sample of Australian adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(1), 68–77.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1–28.
Schaefer, S. M., Morozink, Boylan J., van Reekum, C. M., Lapate, R. C., Norris, C. J., Ryff, C. D., Davidson, R. J. (2013). Purpose in life predicts better emotional recovery from negative stimuli. PLoS One, 8(11):e80329.
Schulenberg & Melton, A. M. A. (2010). A confirmatory factor-analytic evaluation of the purpose in life test: Preliminary psychometric support for a replicable two-factor model. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 11(1), 95–111.
Shek, D. T. L. (1992). Meaning in life and psychological well-being: An empirical study using the Chinese version of the Purpose in Life questionnaire. Journal of Genetic Psychology 53, 185-200.
Steger, M. F. (2006). An Illustration of Issues in Factor Extraction and Identification of Dimensionality in Psychological Assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86(3), 263-272.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80–93.
Steger, M. F. (2009). Meaning in life. In S. J. Lopez (Ed.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed., pp. 679–687). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Steger, M. F. (2018). Meaning and well-being. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of well-being. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers.
Vella-Broderick, D. A., Park, N., & Seligman, M. P. (2009). Three ways to be happy: Pleasure, engagement, and meaning- findings from Australian and US samples. Social Indicators Research, 90, 165–179.
Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York: Basic.  
 
 استناد به این مقاله: ربانی پارسا، محمدجواد و ربانی پارسا، الهام. (1401). ساختار عاملی پرسش‌نامه‌ی هدف در زندگی. فصلنامه اندازه‌گیری تربیتی، 12(47)، 7-32. doi: 10.22054/jem.2022.61672.2189
 Educational Measurement is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.