نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد دانشکدۀ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشیار دانشکدۀ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

3 استاد دانشکدۀ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. (نویسندۀ مسئول)

4 دکترای تخصصی، استاد دانشگاه فرلی‌دیکنسون آمریکا.

چکیده

هدف پژوهش حاضر طبقه‌بندی توانمندی‌ها و فضائل منش و ساخت و رواسازی پرسشنامۀ سنجش آن در جمعیت دانشجویان ایرانی بود. روش پژوهش حاضر از نوع آمیخته کیفی-کمی بود. در بخش کیفی از طرح نظریۀ داده‌بنیاد (GT) استفاده شد. 35 دانشجو در قالب 6 گروه کانونی ( شامل 24 دانشجوی دختر و 11 دانشجوی پسر) از جامعه دانشجویان کارشناسی و کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه تهران به شیوه قضاوتی انتخاب شده و مورد مصاحبه نیم ساختار یافته قرار گرفتند. پاسخ ها به شیوۀ تحلیل مضمون و بکارگیری دو روش تحلیل قالب و ماتریس در نرم افزار MAXQDA10 تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان‌دهندۀ وجود چهار عامل یا فضیلت در جامعه ایرانی بود که عبارتند از خِرد (شامل توانمندی‌های تفکر تحلیلی، خودنظم‌دهی، میانه‌روی و اعتدال، عشق به یادگیری)، شجاعت (شامل توانمندی‌های جرأت‌مندی، و صداقت)، انسانیت (شامل توانمندی‌های عدالت و انصاف، مهربانی، گذشت و بخشش)، و تعالی (شامل توانمندی‌های تحسین زیبایی و شگرفی، امیدواری، و معنویت). مطالعه دوم با روش غیرآمایشی (توصیفی) و طرح پیمایش روی جمعیت دانشجویی 456 نفری به اجرا در آمد. تحلیل مولفه‌های اصلی با چرخش واریماکس، ساختار چهار عاملی را نشان داد. این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که پرسشنامۀ توانمندی‌های منش ایرانیان می‌تواند داده‌های معتبر و قابل اتکایی فراهم آورد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Construction and validation of Iranian Character Strengths Inventory

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Khodayarifard 1
  • Elaheh Hejazi 2
  • Marjan Hassaniraad 3
  • Robert McGrath 4

1 Associate Professor, University of Tehran

2 Associate Professor, University of Tehran

3 Professor, University of Tehran (Corresponding Author)

4 Professor, Fairleigh Dickinson University

چکیده [English]

The aim of the present study was to classify character strengths and virtues, and construct and validate its assessment questionnaire in the Iranian student population. The present research method was of the qualitative-quantitative mixed type. In the qualitative section, Grounded Theory (GT) was used. Thirty-five students in the form of six focus groups (including 24 female students and 11 male students) from among the undergraduate and graduate students of University of [1]Tehran were selected, using judgmental sampling and were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Responses were analyzed by content analysis and the use of two methods of framework and matrix analyses through the MAXQDA10 software. The findings indicated the existence of four factors or virtues in Iranian society: wisdom (including analytical thinking, self-regulation, moderation and prudence, and love of learning), courage (including bravery and honesty), humanity (including justice and fairness, kindness, and forgiveness) and transcendence (including appreciation of beauty and excellence, hope, and spirituality). The second study was conducted using a non-experimental (descriptive) method and a survey plan on 456 students. Analysis of the main components by varimax rotation showed a four-factor structure. These findings suggest that the Iranian Character Strengths Questionnaire can provide reliable data.


 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Virtues
  • character strengths
  • cultural context
  • positive psychology
مگیار-مو، جینا. ال (2009). فنون روان‌شناسی مثبت‌گرا. ترجمۀ فرید براتی سده (1391). تهران: انتشارات رشد.
سلیگمن، مارتین (2002). شادمانی درونی. ترجمۀ مصطفی تبریزی، رامین کریمی و علی نیلوفری (1392). چاپ سوم. تهران: نشر دانژه.
 
Berger, D. M., & McGrath, R. E. (2019). Are there virtuous types? Finite mixture modeling of the VIA Inventory of Strengths. The Journal of Positive Psychology14(1), 77-85.
Biswas-Diener, R. (2006). From the equator to the North Pole: A study of character strengths. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 293–310. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-3646-8
Brdar, I., & Kashdan, T. B. (2010). Character strengths and well-being in Croatia: An empirical investigation of structure and correlates. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 151–154. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.12.001
Capielo, C., Mann, L., Nevels, B., & Delgado-Romero, E. (2014). Multicultural considerations in measurement and classification of positive psychology. In Perspectives on the intersection of multiculturalism and positive psychology (pp. 31-44). Springer, Dordrecht.
Compton, W. C., & Hoffman, E. (2012). Positive psychology: The science of human happiness and flourishing. Belmont, CA.
Constantine, M. G., & Sue, D. W. (2006). Factors contributing to optimal human functioning in people of color in the United States. The Counseling Psychologist34(2), 228-244.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Seligman, M. E. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist55(1), 5-14.
Dahlsgaard, K., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Shared virtue: The convergence of valued human strengths across culture and history. Review of General Psychology, 9, 203–213. http://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.203
Du Plessis, G. A., Saccaggi, C. F., & De Bruin, G. P. (2015). Cross-cultural differences in the character strength of citizenship in South Africa. Psychology in Society, (48), 22-44.
Duan, W., Ho, S. M. Y., Tang, X., Li, T., & Zhang, Y. (2013). Character strength-based intervention to promote
Jahoda, M. (1958). Current concepts of positive mental health.
Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Littman-Ovadia, H., & Lavy, S. (2012). Differential ratings and associations with well-being of character strengths in two communities. Health Sociology Review, 21(3), 1378–1410. http://doi.org/10.5172/hesr.2012.21.3.299
Lomas, T. (2016). Towards a positive cross-cultural lexicography: Enriching our emotional landscape through 216 “untranslatable” words pertaining to well-being. Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 546–558. http://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1127993
Magyar-Moe, J. L. (2014). Infusing multiculturalism and positive psychology in psychotherapy. In Perspectives on the intersection of multiculturalism and positive psychology (pp. 235-249). Springer, Dordrecht.
McGrath, R. (2018). WHAT IS CHARACTER EDUCATION?. Journal of Character Education: Vol. 14# 214(2), 23-35.
McGrath, R. E. (2014). Scale- and item-level factor analysis of the VIA Inventory of Strengths. Assessment,21(1), 4–14. http://doi.org/10.1177/1073191112450612
McGrath, R. E. (2015a). Character strengths in 75 nations: An update. Journal of Positive Psychology,10(1), 41–52. http://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.888580
McGrath, R. E. (2015b). Integrating psychological and cultural perspectives on virtue: The hierarchical structure of character strengths. Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(5), 407–424, http://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.994222
McGrath, R. E. (2017). Technical report – the VIA test suite for adults: Development and preliminary evaluation. Cincinnati, OH: VIA Institute on Character. Available at www.viacharacter.org
MoulinStożek, D. (2018). The social construction of character. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12188
Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). Character strengths in fifty-four nations and the fifty US states. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(3), 118–129. http://doi.org/10.1080/17439760600619567
Patton, M. Q. (2003). Qualitative evaluation checklist. Evaluation Checklists Project.
Peterson, C. (2006). A primer in positive psychology. Oxford university press.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.
Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beermann, U., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 149–156. http://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228938
Rashid, T. (2012). The role of positive psychology in maximizing human potential. Presentation at the Diversity Roundtable, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. P. (2018). Positive psychotherapy: Clinician manual. Oxford University Press. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 714–719. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.007
Riege, A. M. (2003). Validity and reliability tests in case study research: a literature review with “hands-on” applications for each research phase. Qualitative market research: An international journal6(2), 75-86.
Ruch, W., & Proyer, R. T. (2015). Mapping strengths into virtues: The relation of the 24 VIA-strengths to six ubiquitous virtues. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00460
Ruch, W., Proyer, R. T., Harzer, C., Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2010). Values in action inventory of strengths (VIA-IS): Adaptation and validation of the German version and the development of a peer-rating form. Journal of Individual Differences, 31(3), 138–149.
satisfaction with life in the Chinese university context. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 1347–1361. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9479-y
Shryack, J., Steger, M. F., Krueger, R. F., & Kallie, C. S. (2010). The structure of virtue: An empirical investigation of the dimensionality of the virtues in action inventory of strengths.
Singh, K., & Choubisa, R. (2010). Empirical validation of values in action-inventory of strengths (VIAIS) in Indian context. National Academy of Psychology India Psychological Studies, 55(2), 151–158.
Snow, N. E. (2019). Positive psychology, the classification of character strengths and virtues, and issues of measurement. The Journal of Positive Psychology14(1), 20-31.