Quarterly of Educational Measurement

Abstract The need to form and maintain stable interpersonal relationships is a fundamental human motivation, and the relative lack of these social relationships is associated with adverse effects on emotional well-being and physical health. The present study aimed to investigate the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Social Inhibition Questionnaire in Iranian adolescents. The population of this descriptive survey study was first and second-year high school students in Kurdistan province in the academic year 2024, of whom 1,509 were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants responded to research instruments that included the Social Inhibition Questionnaire (SIQ15), the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Factor analysis of the questionnaire supported the first-order, three-factor, and second-order models. In the internal consistency analysis of the scale, Cronbach's alpha for the entire questionnaire and the dimensions of behavioral inhibition, social withdrawal, and interpersonal sensitivity were 0.88, 0.77, 0.68, and 0.75, respectively. Convergent validity was examined by correlation between the questionnaire and scales of depression, anxiety, stress, and emotional regulation. Also, the results of the multi-group factor analysis confirmed gender equivalence in the factor structure of the questionnaire. Finally, based on this study, the Persian version of the Social Inhibition Questionnaire had good psychometric properties in the Iranian adolescent population. It can be used as a valid tool in clinical, educational, and research situations.

Abstract Marital power scale is a self-report scale that consists of two subscales of power process and power outcome, and it has not been used in the Iranian sample to date. The aim of the present study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Bogue et al.'s marital power scale (2008) in the Iranian sample. The correlational research method and the study sample consisted of 555 people who were selected through volunteer sampling method and responded to the research tools including the scales of marital power, covert communication aggression, and marital intimacy. The validity of the scale was checked using construct validity, convergent validity and correlation between subscales. In examining the structure of this scale, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used, and the obtained results confirmed the structure of the marital power scale. Also, in the confirmatory factor analysis, all the coefficients were significant, and for this reason, no item was removed or modified in the factor analysis. In order to estimate the internal homogeneity of the marital power scale, the formula of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used, and the questionnaire had an acceptable Cronbach's alpha (α=0.76). In addition, the correlation results of the marital power scale with other scales showed that this scale and its subscales have a positive relationship with hidden communication aggression and a negative and significant relationship with marital intimacy (p<0.01). All in all, the results of the present study show that this scale has favorable statistical characteristics in Iranian samples and it can be used with confidence in Iranian samples.

Abstract Values are guide for attitudes in life and are the main motivators of behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Ethical Values questionnaire. In this study, 300 Iranian students participated through an online call. The instruments were the Persian version of the Ethical Values Assessment questionnaire (Padilla & Jensen., 2016), Flourishing scale (Diner, 2010) and Professional Ethics (Cadozier, 2002). The results of face, content and structure validity analysis showed the optimal validity of the scale. Findings from factor analysis confirmed the 3D factors of the scale. The model fit indices were in good condition. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole scale was 0.85 and for the dimensions of autonomy, Community and divinity were 0.77, 0.65 and 0.91, respectively. The convergence of the ethical values score with the professional ethics and flourishing score was confirmed. Based on the findings, the psychometric properties of the Ethical Values Scale in Iranian society are appropriate and its use in psychometric evaluations and research is recommended.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to construct and validate the family intelligence questionnaire. This research was practical and tool development type. The statistical population for the preparation of the tool includes parents and students of the fifth grade of elementary school in Kermanshah who were studying in 1400-1401 and their number was reported 1000 according to the report of the Education Organization, which was a targeted sampling with inclusion criteria. (Families that scored high in the research tool including Epstein Family Function and the age of entering the research is 12 to 65 years old) 40 people were selected until theoretical saturation and were subjected to in-depth interviews, and in the second part of the statistical population to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, including professors of psychology and counseling 15 people were selected with the entry criteria of having a doctorate degree and having at least 5 years of family-related work experience up to theoretical saturation. To determine the face validity of the tool, it was first examined among 30 families of the community, then exploratory factor analysis, first and second order factor analysis was used to confirm the research data, and Cronbach's alpha was used to measure its reliability. The findings showed that in terms of the factor structure of the 30 items of the questionnaire, it can be reduced to the components of communication skills, common goals and strategies, cohesion, spirit of effort and foresight, ability to solve problems and desire for group knowledge, as well as the results of confirmatory factor analysis. It showed that the six-dimensional model of family intelligence has a good fit and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was reported as 0.972. The coefficients in all components are higher than 0.7, so it can be said that the questionnaire has good reliability.

Abstract Hope is one of the most important elements of psychotherapy and is essential for the effectiveness of treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Therapist Hope for Clients Scale in an Iranian sample. In this study, 310 counselors and psychologists participated through an online call. The instruments were the therapists' Hope for Clients Scale (THCS), State Hope Scale and Flourishing Scale. The construct validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis showed optimal goodness of fit indices and supported the three domains of the THCS measure in the present sample. The correlation between the THCS and its three dimensions, the flourishing Scale and the Hope Scale provides convergent validity for the three THCS scales. The Cronbach's alpha values was appropriate for the scale and its dimensions. The results of the analysis showed that the THCS has appropriate validity and reliability for assessing therapists' hope and can be used among the Iranian counselors and psychologists.

Abstract Research has shown that mental energy is an important factor in many domains, including athletic performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Sports Mental Energy Questionnaire. The research method was applied and tool development. The study population includedall male and female athletes in Urmia city in different sports; From this population, based on Morgan sample size determination table, 283 athletes were selected by available sampling method. The athletic mental energy questionnaire Lu et al (2018) was used as a research tool. The questionnaire was presented to the athletes after translation into Persian and approval by three experts and then analyzed. To evaluate the construct validity and determine the factor structure of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used and the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the six-factor model, the three-factor of the affective components (vigor, tireless, and calm) of AME and and the two-factor of the cognitive components (confidence and concentration) of AME) as well as motivation has a acceptable goodness of fit with the data in the sample of athletes. Cronbach's alpha results above 0.70 for all factors also indicate the appropriate reliability of the Athletic Mental Energy Questionnaire. The findings suggest that this measurement tool with good validity and reliability can be used to assess the athletic mental energy in Iranian athletes

Abstract The present study examined psychometric properties of a 20-item Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism Scale (SRPS-20) in adult students. The aim of the study was developmental-applied and the method of gathering data was field research. The statistical population of the study 1 consisted of adult students, both under graduated and graduated, from the University of Tehran in the academic year of 2018-2019. The statistical population of the study 2 consisted of adults from general population living in Tehran in the years of 2018 and 2019. Factor structure of the SRPS-20 investigated using exploratory factor analyses in study 1 (368 university students) as well as using confirmatory factor analyses in study 2 (384 community adults). Convergent and discriminant validity of the SRPS-20 were examined through its correlations with measures of ego strength, mental health, and positive/negative affects in the 2 studies based on Ego Strength Scale (Besharat, 2016), Mental Health Inventory (Veit & Ware, 1983), and Positive and Negative Affects Schedule (Watson, Clarke & Tellegen, 1988), respectively. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the SRPS-20 were also investigated in the 2 studies. The results of both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a general factor structure for the SRPS-20. The convergent and discriminant validity of the SRPS-20 were supported by an expected pattern of correlations between the scale and the measures of ego strength, psychological well-being, psychological distress, and positive and negative affects. Based on the preliminary evidence provided by the present study it can be concluded that the SRPS-20 is a reliable and valid scale to measure spiritual/religious perfectionism.

Abstract The current study aimed to improve precision and item functioning of the OHQ by applying Rasch analysis to a sample of 212 participants. A convenience sample of 212 college students (139 girls and 78 boys) from a number of universities in Tehran city completed the OHQ questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Rasch analysis approach using RUMM2030 software. Results indicated that a number of the OHQ items displayed disordered thresholds. Therefore, items were rescored in a uniform fashion to correct the thresholds. Furthermore, three items (18, 19, and 25) displayed poor fit to Rasch model and were removed. Best fit to the unidimensional Rasch model was achieved after rescoring items in uniform fashion and removing items number 18, 19 and 25. Using the ordinal-to-interval conversion tables published here, ordinal OHQ scores can now be transformed to interval level data and thus subjected to parametric statistical analysis without violating fundamental assumptions. The precision of the instrument can be improved significantly by these minor modifications without the need to modify the original response format.

Abstract The current investigation has been done for the purpose of the standardization of the social problem solving inventory (SPSI ) amongst students of the faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences of Tabatabaey university in 1387-88. For this purpose, a sample of 200 students consisting 154 females and 46 males was selected based on categorical sampling, and the students were tested according to the social problem solving inventory ( SPSI) and social adjustment micro-scale of the adjustment questionnaire. Results showed that considering the Alfa value ( 0.85 )of the five factors measured, and the reliability value ( R = 0.88 ), the SPSI enjoys an acceptable rate of reliability. What’s more, the study of the factorial structure signifies the presence of 5 factors including ( APS ), ( RPS ), ( ICPS ), ( PPO ) and ( NPO ). Moreover the exploratory study of the relationship between the variables of the investigation showed that social problem solving ability would explain significantly social adjustment (R=0.304). In general, the results found in regards to the managing structure of the SPSI and the relation between the variables of the investigation, proved consistent with the precedent studies.