Quarterly of Educational Measurement

Abstract The purpose of this study was to Designing computer-based Educational program of math concepts and comparing its effectiveness with the traditional method on spatial visual perception students. The research method is semi-experimental and with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population of this study included all male students studying in elementary schools in the fifth district of Tehran during the school year of 2016-2017. The sample size of this study consisted of 45 people who were selected through purposeful sampling. Among them, 15 students in the experimental computer program, 15 students in the experimental group and 15 students in the control group. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapirovylak, T-test and covariance tests were used to analyze the data of this study. The research tool was the Frosty Space Spatial Perception Test with a reliability of 0. 69 and a computer training program with a reliability level of 0.71. Comparison of moderated averages of the visual-spatial perceptions of the experimental group with the control of the difference in the score shows a score of 93.22, which is significant at the level of 0.001. By summing up these results, it can be stated that education through computer-based math concepts has been effective in improving the visual-spatial perception of students. Comparison of the moderated averages of the visual-spatial perceptions of traditional groups with the educational curve shows the difference between the score of 130.11 and the level of 0/001. These differences are such that the average of the group of computer training programs is always higher than the traditional one.

Abstract The purpose of this qualitative-quantitative research (mixed) was Establishing and Accreditation of Entrepreneur's Educational System Questionnaire in technical and vocational schools. First, using interviews with entrepreneurship professors and Delphi technique the primary questionnaire were obtained and presented for quantitative evaluation. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained. Statistical population of this research were 1- Entrepreneurship specialists from different universities of the country In the qualitative section and 2- teachers of technical vocational schools In the Quantitative section .were used purposeful sampling In the qualitative section, cluster sampling method In the Quantitative section. The results of the research using exploratory factor analysis and confirmation and modification of the qualitative section results showed that Entrepreneur's Educational System Questionnaire in technical and vocational schools, is Multidimensional tool with 9 factors and 59 sub-components, The percentage of variance and specific value are as follows: entrepreneurship education, psychological characteristics of students, academic and professional counseling, leadership style, management and organization of vocational schools, communication with industry and commercial and managerial skills, content, development of entrepreneurship skills in learners, space and educational equipment, and teaching methods. Structural equation modeling analysis was used to test the tool. Structural validity was calculated using the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis, and fit model tests and reliability of subscales using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

Abstract Self-efficacy is one of the important structures in Bandura's cognitive-social theory and it means the individual's confidence and belief in his ability to control his thoughts, feelings, activities, and his effective performance in stress situations.The purpose of the present study was to examine factor structure and psychometric properties of the Career decision Self- Efficacy Scale Short Form among the students. The research method was correlation (validity and reliability measurement) and the statistical population consisted of students university of Tehran in the academic year of 2016-2017, from which a sample of 367 students were selected by cluster random sampling. Measuring instruments were the Career decision Self- Efficacy scales. To investigate the validity aspect of Career decision Self- Efficacy scales confirmatory factor analysis technique (CFA) was used. The results showed that the model parameters are fit. The scale reliability coefficient, and internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha was 0.88. According to the results, the Career decision Self- Efficacy scales, in the community students university of Tehran, has good reliability and validity.

Abstract Background: In two current decades, it is posed that the six factor of personality (HEXACO( provide the comprehensive explanation of personality, thus construction and validating the HEXACO questionnaires is important. Aim: Giving the importance of six factor model of personality (HEXACO) in behavioral research. Method: this research was conducted in order to investigate psychometric properties of Persian version of brief HEXACO inventory in university students. The all students of university of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2014 educational years comprised the statistic population of this study. three hundred and seventy students (211 male and 159 female) were selected Multistage cluster randomly, then participated in this research. The subjects responded individually to the questionnaires of brief HEXACO inventory, revised Life Orientation Test, GHQ-12 and big five personality at classrooms. The gathers data were analyzed by tests of Pearson correlation, independent t, and explorative and confirmatory factor analyze using by SPSS21 and LISREL8.8 softwares. Results: The results of the explorative factor analyze showed the six factors with eigenvalue higher than 1, this 6 factor were explaining 75/20 % of variance together. Confirmatory factor analysis indicators also implied to the optimal fitness of three-factor model of this questionnaire. The results of the Pearson correlation showed the statistically significant correlation between brief HEXACO and big five subscales. The cronbach,s alpha coefficients for the subscales were obtaining ranging 0/78-0/94. Conclusion: Basing the results of this study, it can be conclude that brief HEXACO inventory scale has well validly and reliability for uses in university student’s populations.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this research was to construct and validate the wisdom test based on Iranian components. Method: In this research, a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) method of exploration plan was used. In the first stage (qualitative), a semi-structured interview was carried out with 20 faculty members of Hamadan University of the Humanities (a qualitative research method of phenomenological type). Sampling method was purposeful and based on theoretical saturation. The content analysis method was used to analyze the interview data. In the second stage (quantitative), based on the coding and compilation of the content of the information obtained from the interviews, a questionnaire of 40 questions was formulated. Then, based on multi-stage cluster sampling, 400 people (281 women and 119 men) participated in the study. At this stage, a confirmatory factor analysis method was used to analyze the data (Bartlett and KMO tests and gravel charts). In order to investigate the validity of construct wisdom test, the internal correlation coefficient of the questionnaire and the correlation coefficient of this test with the Ardelt test, were used for content validity of the crest test using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and two-way semi-test and for the reliability of the test, test-retest method was used. Results: The results of content analysis in the first stage (qualitative) showed that wisdom has four components: 1- cognitive component 2- emotional component 3- component of "flexibility and openness to experience" 4- component "Self-transcendence / targeting and searching for meaning." Also, the results of factor analysis (stage II) showed four factors; the first factor (including questions 2-3-4-5-6-8-10-14-15-20-21-32-40) entitled " Emotional dimension ", the second factor (including questions 1-7-9-12-13-16-17-19-22-23-24-25-29-30) entitled" Cognitive dimension ", the third factor (including questions 26 -27-28-35-36-38) as "Dimensional Flexibility" and the fourth factor (including questions 11-18-31-33-34-37-39) entitled "After Self-Processing".

Abstract Understanding the psychological characteristics and factors and provoking the anxiety of death in today's living conditions, as well as its psychological events and consequences are among the topics discussed in psychology. Many researches have investigated the relationship between different psychological factors and death anxiety, but sometimes their results are inconsistent and contradictory and, on the other hand, explanatory variables have not been thoroughly investigated in this regard. Meta-analysis is a set of systematic techniques for solving contradictions in the findings of various researches on a subject. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between psychological factors and psychological factors and death anxiety in a meta-analysis method. At first, using all the internal databases as well as the universities of Tehran, we started to collect all the research reports. Finally, the results of 44 studies conducted between 2009 and 2011 that were the criterion for entering the meta-analysis were analyzed. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the size of the combined effect of the studies in the static effects model was 0.018 and in the randomized model -0.022, where the size of the combined effect in both models was low, but it was observed separately in the study of the effect size of the variables. The variables of irrational beliefs, control source, job burnout, cognitive fusion, self-actualization, self-determination, meaning, life expectancy and neuroticism are medium-sized. Therefore, it is concluded that knowledge of death plays an important role in various theories including fear management, existential therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Among them, the theory of fear management is a theoretical, leading and influential approach to death anxiety that can explain these variables.

Abstract Math skills include different content and cognitive processes domains which indicate the complexity of math skill and its latent traits. Until now, Study of these complexities has been done through traditional data analysis or subjective methods. Therefore, present research studied cognitive dimensions and latent variables of the math test of national university entrance examination through the application of Latent Class Multidimensional Item Response Theory (LCMIRT). In doing so, the math test data of national examinations in 2008, 2011 and 2015 were studied. Results showed that the math test, as a high stakes test in the national university entrance examination, encompasses a set of multidimensional cognitive traits. Results of the unified parallel analysis method showed that the tests do not fit with the unidimensional model and adding additional dimensions can significantly improve model fit. Moreover, cognitive domains of comprehension, problem solving and reasoning were recognized as three essential constructs which account for math skills and give more detailed information about items quality in clustering and analysis of the test items. This property of LCMIRT, in comparison with other approaches, increases the number of cognitive sub-clusters. At last, it is recommended that LCMIRT models are considered in constructing and analyzing educational and psychological tests, in order to more validly detect latent cognitive skills of the tests.

Abstract Marital silence is one of the things that can be related to divorce. Marital silence is to refrain from expressing opinions and expectations about marital problems and passively accepting conflicts and suppressing emotions in themselves. Measuring marital silence is important due to the use of reliable and reliable instruments and in view of the increasing rate of divorce in Iran. This study was conducted with the aim of building the validity of marital silence questionnaire. The present study is a correlation study. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study included couples referring to the courts and counseling centers of Kermanshah city. Among the target population, 280 were selected by random sampling method. The research instrument was a 36-question questionnaire. The data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and using the WEYMAX statistical software. The first component (communication skills) has the highest correlation with other components, and the highest correlation between the first components (communication skills) with the second component (fear of exposure) with the correlation coefficient is 0.711. Other components (doubts and distrust, interest in the spouse, cultural and educational obstacles and children) have high and significant correlations.
The result of marital silence questionnaire showed that it has good reliability and validity. The questionnaire can also be used in consultation with clients and in clinical trials to measure the concentration of people.

Abstract Emotional blackmail is a powerful form of manipulation in which one person close to another threaten, either directly or indirectly, to punish him if he doesn't do what those person wants. The main purpose of the present study was to examine psychometric properties of Emotional Blackmail Scale (EB) including construct validity, convergent validity and internal consistency. The study was a survey type. The statistical population of this research included all of married women in Ahvaz. Out of this population, 269 women selected through convenience sampling and completed Emotional Blackmail Scale (EB) and Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Scale. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed three factors (fear, obligation and guilt feeling) but two-factor structure was not confirmed. The convergent validity of Emotional Blackmail Scale (EB) was supported by an expected pattern of correlation between this scale and Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Scale. All correlations between the mean scores on Emotional Blackmail Scale (EB) and Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Scale were statistically significant. Coefficient’s Cronbach alpha were between 0/78 to 0/85. Findings showed that this scale can be used in clinical and research studies and the use of these scales is recommended to psychologists and family counselors.