Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Abstract
To investigate a model about body image of Iranian’s female students and determining structural relations of physical and psychological factors related to body image, 497 female students from Islamic Azad University Zarand Branch randomly selected. After measuring weight, height and calculating body mass index of participants, they assessed by body image state scale, self- esteem scale of Marsh self-concept test, the appearance schema inventory-revised, personal appearance beliefs test and body checking questionnaire. Evaluation of the proposed model with structural equation modeling (SEM) by using of maximum likelihood estimation of AMOS software and calculation of fit indices indicated that, hypothetical model has the goodness of fit with the data. Results showed that, these model direct and indirect effects of physical and cognitive-behavioral factors respectively, .417 and .33, explain 53% of variation in body image. These findings are consistent with the results of other research, modeling in the area of body image, and furthermore, helping in better knowing complex biological and psychological structure of body image.
Keywords
منابع
Austin, J. L. & Smith, J. E. (2008). Thin-ideal internalization in Mexican girls: A test of the sociocultural model of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41, 448-457.
Cahill, S. & Mussap, A. J. (2007). Emotional reactions following exposure to idealized bodies predict unhealthy body change attitudes and behaviors in women and men. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 62, 631-639.
Cash TF. (1995). Developmental teases about physical appearance: retrospective descriptions and relationships with body image. Soc Behav Pers; 23:123– 9.
Cash, T. F. (2002). Beyond traits: Assessing body image states. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body Image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. New York: Guilford.
Cash, T. F. (2002). Cognitive-behavioral perspectives on body image. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. New York: Guilford.
Cash, T. F. & Labarge, A. S. (1996). Development of the appearance schemas inventory: A new cognitive body-image assessment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 37-50.
Cash, T.F., Fleming, E. C., Alindogan, J., Steadman, L. & Whitehead, A. (2002). Beyond body image as a trait: The development and validation of the body image states scale. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 10, 103-113.
Davison, K. K., Markey, C. N. & Birch, L. L. (2000). Etiology of body dissatisfactions and weight concerns among 5-year-old girls. Appetite, 35, 143–151.
Farrell, C., Shafran, R. & Fairburn, C. G. (2004). Mirror cognitions and behaviors in people concerned about their body shape. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 32, 225-229.
Flynn, K. J., & Fitzgibbon, M. L. (1998). Body images and obesity risk among black females: A review of the literature. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 13-24.
Furman, K. & Thompson, J. K. (2002). Body image, teasing, and mood alterations: An experimental study of exposure to negative verbal commentary. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32 (4), 449-457.
Grabe, S., & Hyde, J. S. (2006). Ethnicity and body dissatisfaction among women in the United States: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132 (4), 622-640.
Grogan, S. (2008). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children. London: Routledge.
Hausenblas, H. A., & Fallon, E. A. (2006). Exercise and body image: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Health, 21 (1), 33-47.
Herbozo, S., & Thompson, J. K. (2006). Appearance-related commentary, body image, In college women. Clothing & Textiles Research Journal, 18 (3), 152-162.
Kwon, Y. H. & Parham, E. S. (1994). Effects of state of fatness perception on weight conscious women's clothing practices. Clothing & Textiles Research Journal, 12, 16-21.
McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M. H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting statistical equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7, 64-82.
Molloy, B. L. & Herzberger, S. D. (1998). Body image and self-esteem: A comparison of African-American and Caucasian Women. Sex Roles, 38, 631-643.
Paxton, S. J. & Phythian, K. (1999). Body image, self-esteem, and health status in middle and later adulthood. Australian Psychologist, 34, 116-121.
Pruzinsky, T. & Cash, T. F. (2002). Understanding body images: Historical and contemporary perspectives. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body Image: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice (pp. 3-12). New York: Guilford.
Rudd, N. A. & Lennon, S. J. (2000). Body image and appearance-management behaviors in college women. Clothing & Textiles Research Journal, 18 (3), 152-162.
Shafran, R., Fairburn, C. G., Robinson, P., & Lask, B. (2004). Body checking and its avoidance in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 93-101.
Shafran, R., Lee, M., Payne, E. & Fairburn, C. G. (2007). An experimental analysis of body checking. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 113-121.
Shisslak, CM. & Crago, M. (2001). Risk and protective factors in the development of eating disorders. In: Thompson JK, Smolak L, (Ed). Body image, eating disorders, and obesity in youth: assessment, prevention, and treatment. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association. Pp. 103– 25.
Stice, E. (2001). Risk factors for eating pathology: recent advances and future directions. In: Striegel-Moore RH, Smolak L, ( Ed). Eating disorders: innovative directions in research and practice. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association, 2001. Pp. 51– 73.
Thompson, J. K. (2009). Special Issue: Mass media, body image and eating behaviors. Journal Of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 127-132.
Thompson, JK. & Smolak, L. (2001). Body image, eating disorders, and obesity in youth: assessment, prevention, and treatment. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association, Pp. 1 – 18.
Thompson, JK., Heinberg, LJ., Altabe, M. & Tantleff-Dunn, S. ( 1999). Exacting beauty: theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance Washington (DC): American Psychological Association.
Thompson, JK. & Stice, E. (2001). Thin-ideal internalization: mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Curr Dir Psychol Sci.10:181–3.
Tiggemann, M. (2001). Person x situation interactions in body dissatisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 65-70.
Tiggemann, M. (2003). Media exposure, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating: Television and magazines are not the same! European Eating Disorders Review, 11, 418-430.
Tiggemann, M. (2004). Body image across the adult life span: Stability and change. Body Image, 1, 29-41.
Trautmann, J., Worthy, S. L. & Lokken, K. L. (2007). Body dissatisfaction, bulimic symptoms, and clothing practices among college women. The Journal of Psychology, 141, 485-498.
Vocks, S., Leganbauer, T., & Heil, A. (2007). Food intake affects the state body image: Impact of restrained eating patterns and concerns about eating, weight, and shape. Appetite, 49, 467-475.
)