Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 1. PhD Student, Department of Governmental Management-Human Resource Management, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran

2 Management professor, Faculty of Strategic Management, National Defense University, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistance professor, Human Resources Management Faculty of Management and Accounting, Farabi campus, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran

Abstract

One of the most important challenges for today's organizations is to abandon voluntary employee service. Voluntary retirement creates a lot of direct and indirect costs for organizations. Therefore, organizations are always looking for approaches to retain their employees. Job tension is one of the new approaches in preventing employee voluntary retirement. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting job stress. In line with this goal, this research has been done using a qualitative meta-synthesis approach. Data collection tools and information in the present study are past documents in this field, which generally include 25 articles. The method of data analysis is based on open coding. The results indicate that the factors affecting job integration can be based on four general categories: individual factors (demographic variables, service history, separation anxiety, professional ability, and individual perspective), job factors (job expectations and job nature), organizational factors (workplace quality, growth and promotion opportunities, intra-organizational links, satisfaction with conditions, payment system, compensation of services, and reputation of the organization), factors derived from society (family and friends conditions, multiple activities, facilities and welfare facilities, market conditions and analyzed cultural, political, religious atmospheres. At the end, based on the research findings, the necessary suggestions are presented.

Keywords

افشارفر، فیروز؛ عباس‌پور، عباس؛ رحیمیان، حمید؛ غیاثی‌ندوشن، سعید. (1396). ساخت، اعتباریابی ابزار سنجش ابعاد شایستگی‌های منابع انسانی در شرکت‌های دانش‌بنیان. فصلنامه اندازه‌گیری تربیتی، 8(29)، 147-165.
رحیم‌نیا، فریبرز؛ نصرتی، سعید؛ اسلامی، قاسم. (1396). بررسی تأثیر امنیت و استقلال شغلی بر ترک خدمت به‌واسطه درهم‌تنیدگی شغلی در سازمان‌های دولتی، فصلنامه مدیریت دولتی، 9(2)، 333-357.
سجادیان، فاطمه. (1396). رابطه ادراک کارکنان از فعالیت‌های منابع انسانی تعهدمحور با درهم‌تنیدگی شغلی و تمایل به ترک خدمت کارکنان (موردمطالعه: شعب بانک رفاه کارگران شهر شیراز)، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی.
طاهری، صادق؛ فرخی، نورعلی؛ برجعلی، احمد؛ عباس‌پور، عباس. (1396). تبیین نقش مؤلفه‌های فردی و سازمانی کارکنان به‌منظور تدوین مدل جهت ارتقاء و انتصاب به سمت مدیریتی میانی با تأکید بر شایستگی (مطالعه موردی: شرکت ملی نفت ایران). فصلنامه اندازه‌گیری تربیتی، 7(27)، 21-43.
Afsar, B., & Badir, Y. F. (2016). Person–organization fit, perceived organizational support, and organizational citizenship behavior: The role of job embeddedness. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 15(3), 252-278.
Alharbi, S. (2020). The influence of human resources management on job embeddedness and voluntary turnover intention: a case study of the constructions industry in Saudi Arabia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Plymouth).
Bergiel, E. B., Nguyen, V. Q., Clenney, B. F., & Taylor, G. S. (2009). Human resource practices, job embeddedness and intention to quit. Management Research News.
Choi, J. S., & Kim, K. M. (2015). Job embeddedness factors as a predictor of turnover intention among infection control nurses in Korea. American journal of infection control, 43(11), 1213-1217.
Clinton, M., Knight, T., & Guest, D. E. (2012). Job embeddedness: a new attitudinal measure. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 20(1), 111-117.
Coetzer, A., Inma, C., Poisat, P., Redmond, J., & Standing, C. (2018). Job embeddedness and employee enactment of innovation-related work behaviours. International Journal of Manpower.
Crossley, C. D., Bennett, R. J., Jex, S. M., & Burnfield, J. L. (2007). Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1031.
Darrat, M. A., Amyx, D. A., & Bennett, R. J. (2017). Examining the impact of job embeddedness on salesperson deviance: The moderating role of job satisfaction. Industrial Marketing Management, 63, 158-166.
Ferreira, A. I., Martinez, L. F., Lamelas, J. P., & Rodrigues, R. I. (2017). Mediation of job embeddedness and satisfaction in the relationship between task characteristics and turnover: A multilevel study in Portuguese hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 248-267.
Ghosh, D., & Gurunathan, L. (2015). Job embeddedness: a ten-year literature review and proposed guidelines. Global Business Review, 16(5), 856-866.
Giosan, C., Holtom, B., & Watson, M. (2005). Antecedents to job embeddedness: The role of individual, organizational and market factors. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 5(1), 31-44.
Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of management, 26(3), 463-488.
Holtom, B. C., & O’Neill, B. S. (2004). Job embeddedness: A theoretical foundation for developing a comprehensive nurse retention plan. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 34(5), 216-227.
Jensen, L, A and Allen. (1996). Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Findings, Qualitative Health Research, 6 (4), 553-560.
Jia, J., Yan, J., Jahanshahi, A. A., Lin, W., & Bhattacharjee, A. (2020). What makes employees more proactive? Roles of job embeddedness, the perceived strength of the HRM system and empowering leadership. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 58(1), 107-127.
Kiazad, K., Holtom, B., Newman, A., & Hom, P. (2015). Job embeddedness: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100, 641-659.
Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., Sablynski, C. J., Burton, J. P., & Holtom, B. C. (2004). The effects of job embeddedness on organizational citizenship, job performance, volitional absences, and voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 47(5), 711-722.
Lim, G. M., & Wong, S. F. (2009). Understanding retention of IT professionals in vendor organisations: A job embeddedness model. Journal of Outsourcing and Information Management, 1(2), 12-17.
Lyu, Y., & Zhu, H. (2019). The predictive effects of workplace ostracism on employee attitudes: A job embeddedness perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(4), 1083-1095.
Mallol, C. M., Holtom, B. C., & Lee, T. W. (2007). Job embeddedness in a culturally diverse environment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 22(1), 35-44.
Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001). Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. Academy of management journal, 44(6), 1102-1121.
Moses, A. R. (2013). Understanding the relationship of job embeddedness with social and human capital: the importance of organizational identification.
Nafei, W. (2015). The effects of job embeddedness on organizational cynicism and employee performance: A study on Sadat City University. International Journal of Business Administration, 6(1), 8.
Nguyen, V. Q., Taylor, G. S., & Bergiel, E. (2017). Organizational antecedents of job embeddedness. Management Research Review, 40(11), 1216-1235.
Nye, E., Melendez‐Torres, G. J., & Bonell, C. (2016). Origins, methods and advances in qualitative metasynthesis. Review of Education, 4(1), 57-79.
Ramesh, A., & Gelfand, M. J. (2010). Will they stay or will they go? The role of job embeddedness in predicting turnover in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 807.
Reitz, O. E. (2014). Job embeddedness: a concept analysis. In Nursing forum, 49(3), 159-166.
Robinson, R. N., Kralj, A., Solnet, D. J., Goh, E., & Callan, V. (2014). Thinking job embeddedness not turnover: Towards a better understanding of frontline hotel worker retention. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 101-109.
Safavi, H. P., & Karatepe, O. M. (2019). The effect of job insecurity on employees’ job outcomes: the mediating role of job embeddedness. Journal of Management Development, 38(4), 288-297.
Sandelowski, M., & Barroso, J. (2006). Handbook for synthesizing qualitative research. springer publishing company.
Shehawy, Y. M., Elbaz, A., & Agag, G. M. (2018). Factors affecting employees’ job embeddedness in the Egyptian airline industry. Tourism Review, 73(4), 548-571.
Takawira, N., Coetzee, M., & Schreuder, D. (2014). Job embeddedness, work engagement and turnover intention of staff in a higher education institution: An exploratory study. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(1), 1-10.
Tanova, C., & Holtom, B. C. (2008). Using job embeddedness factors to explain voluntary turnover in four European countries. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(9), 1553-1568.
Thome, M. J., & Greenwald, J. M. (2020). Job and community embeddedness on voluntary turnover. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing.4(1), 231-242.
Tian, A. W., Cordery, J., & Gamble, J. (2016). Staying and performing. Personnel Review.
Van Dyk, J. (2011). The Relationship Between Organisational Commitment, Retention Factors and Perceived Job Embeddness (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa).
Vardaman, J. M., Rogers, B. L., & Marler, L. E. (2020). Retaining nurses in a changing health care environment: The role of job embeddedness and self-efficacy. Health care management review, 45(1), 52-59.
William Lee, T., Burch, T. C., & Mitchell, T. R. (2014). The story of why we stay: A review of job embeddedness. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav., 1(1), 199-216.
Young, J. A. (2012). Job embeddedness theory: can it help explain employee retention?.
Yu, J., Lee, A., Han, H., & Kim, H. R. (2020). Organizational Justice and Performance of Hotel enterprises: Impact of Job Embeddedness. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 21(3), 337-360.
Zhang, M., Fried, D. D., & Griffeth, R. W. (2012). A review of job embeddedness: Conceptual, measurement issues, and directions for future research. Human Resource management review, 22(3), 220-231.
Zimmer, L. (2006). Qualitative metasynthesis: a question of dialoguing with texts. Journal of advanced nursing, 53(3), 311-318.