Quarterly of Educational Measurement

Abstract Childhood emotional abuse is a covert yet highly impactful form of child maltreatment that can lead to enduring adverse consequences for mental health. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Childhood Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (Goodall & Sawrikar, 2023) within an Iranian population. This research employed a descriptive design and was conducted as a psychometric study. The study population consisted of all adults aged 18 years and older residing in Qom city in 2025, from whom 444 participants were selected using convenience sampling. The research instruments included the Childhood Emotional Abuse Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Data were analyzed using R software (version 4.3.1) with the mirt, psychometric, and psych packages, as well as Amos software (version 24). Results based on Classical Test Theory indicated that most items of the questionnaire, except for Item 8, demonstrated satisfactory item–total correlations and adequate discriminative power. Moreover, significant and positive correlations between the questionnaire items and criterion variables provided strong evidence for the convergent validity of the instrument, whereas Item 8 consistently showed a markedly weaker pattern of associations. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor structure of the questionnaire following the removal of Item 8. Reliability indices further indicated acceptable internal consistency of the collected data. Additionally, Item Response Theory analyses revealed that, with the exception of Item 8, all items exhibited desirable threshold parameters, discrimination indices, and factor loadings. Examination of the test information function showed that the questionnaire provides the highest level of information and the lowest measurement error within the latent trait range of −2 to +4. Overall, these findings suggest that the Childhood Emotional Abuse Questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing childhood emotional abuse in the Iranian population.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to standardize and investigate the psychometric properties of the Bulut et al. (2013) Adolescent Resilience Scale (ARS) among students. Methodologically, this research employed a descriptive, survey-based design. The target population consisted of all secondary school students in Isfahan during the 2024-2025 academic year. A sample of 241 participants was selected using convenience sampling, based on Morgan's table. Participants concurrently completed the Bulut et al. (2013) Adolescent Resilience Scale and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; 2003). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26 and Amos version 21. The reliability coefficient of the Adolescent Resilience Scale was 0.84 using Cronbach's alpha and 0.74 using the split-half method, indicating good internal consistency and stability of test scores. Furthermore, an examination of the convergent concurrent validity of the Adolescent Resilience Scale with the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003) revealed that all correlation coefficients were significant at p < 0.05. Based on the findings obtained, it can be argued that the Bulut et al. (2013) Adolescent Resilience Scale demonstrates satisfactory reliability and validity and can serve as a suitable instrument for measuring resilience in adolescents within the Iranian population.

Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of standardizing the design thinking mentality scale in the curricula of students with design courses. This research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of its nature and method, it is descriptive of the correlation type. The statistical population of this research was all students of Hamedan universities with design courses. According to the use of confirmatory factor analysis in this research, a sample of 475 people was selected by cluster sampling method. In order to collect the desired data, the design thinking mentality questionnaire was used. In order to analyze the data, firstly, exploratory factor analysis using SPSS-28 software was used to check the scale factors and distribution of items, and then confirmatory factor analysis was used with Smart-PLS-3 software to validate the items and factors. Based on the analysis, 22 factors for design thinking were identified and extracted. In the present study, group knowledge and group members' interaction were identified as two separate factors. Also, the factors of testing and learning from mistakes were identified as two separate factors. And the components of bias towards action and empiricism were also presented separately. The reliability of the questionnaire was also measured by calculating the reliability indices (internal consistency and retest). In measuring the reliability of the questionnaire with the homogeneity method, Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the factors were obtained from 0.70 to 0.91. Also, the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained between 0.66 and 0.83 for the factors with the test-retest method and in a time interval of 14 days, which shows that the design thinking questionnaire has good reliability

Abstract Marital silence is one of the things that can be related to divorce. Marital silence is to refrain from expressing opinions and expectations about marital problems and passively accepting conflicts and suppressing emotions in themselves. Measuring marital silence is important due to the use of reliable and reliable instruments and in view of the increasing rate of divorce in Iran. This study was conducted with the aim of building the validity of marital silence questionnaire. The present study is a correlation study. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study included couples referring to the courts and counseling centers of Kermanshah city. Among the target population, 280 were selected by random sampling method. The research instrument was a 36-question questionnaire. The data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and using the WEYMAX statistical software. The first component (communication skills) has the highest correlation with other components, and the highest correlation between the first components (communication skills) with the second component (fear of exposure) with the correlation coefficient is 0.711. Other components (doubts and distrust, interest in the spouse, cultural and educational obstacles and children) have high and significant correlations.
The result of marital silence questionnaire showed that it has good reliability and validity. The questionnaire can also be used in consultation with clients and in clinical trials to measure the concentration of people.

Abstract The present study intends to structuralist and standardize a critical thinking test. It is a descriptive survey in which the researcher has aimed to provide a valid and reliable test to assess and evaluate the students’ critical thinking. Target population of this study is consisting of all students of Ferdowsi University during the academic year 2011-2012 that are totally 21217 students. Sampling population of the research includes 500 students. Two stages of sampling method have been applied in this study; the first stage has been a clustering sampling method and second one has been a random sampling method. Eight questions have been also discussed in this research and required data has been assembled through two questionnaires. Owing to the fact that the present study aims to plan a new questionnaire to assess the students’ critical thinking, two questionnaires have been applied. The first one was the questionnaire which has been used in California due to assess the validity of the researcher’s questionnaire, and second one was the researcher’s own questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics and softwer spss, Bilog have been applied to analyze the research questions. The achieved results indicate that all three kinds of validity are acceptable. Structural and differential validity demonstrate that this questionnaire has the capability of distinguishing between high and low groups of critical thinking on the basis of California’s test. The results of criterion validity show that the researcher’s questionnaire is valid enough and can be substituted for California’s questionnaire. Experimental validity of the test has been calculated 0.96 and internal consistency of the test has been measured based on Kuder-Richardson formula. What has been achieved through the Information function indicate that the designed test possesses goodness of Fit and it is appropriate for the students whose abilities are at the level of ±1.

Abstract Mobile phone is a technological tool that is becoming popular day by day in the community and for the public, and because of this, most people in the community are buying it. In order to manufacturing, designing and validating nomobophobia. Should be developed that can scale well-meaning concept of mobile comes in mind is the sense in which students describe and explain semantic differential as a complementary concept mobile phone. So the present research aims to study construction and psychometric properties of the semantic differential scale. In this way the researcher-made scale was administrated on 361 Tehran human sciences students and the results of factor analysis showed that this scale consists of 43 items that were reliable and valid. So we concluded that this scale can supplement the nomophobia questionnaire. The development and validation could well describe and explain by researcher. Developing and standardization of the mobile concept of semantic differentiation scale means

Abstract introduction: People always want to explain their own behaviors. Among this behaviors that we want to have explanation about it, is delinquent and criminal behaviors. Aims: The aim of current study is standardization of revised version of Gudjonsson Blame Attribution Inventory (GBAI-R). method: For this reason in a cross-sectional research, among Evin prison and Tehran Correction center clients a number of 464 subjects were selected by the use of convenient sampling method. Results: Content validity evaluated by Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) that in the base of these, two item (items of 8 and 26) were eliminated. For evaluation of model fit, we used indexes such as CMIN/DF, Goodness of fit index, Adjusted Goodness of fit index, Root mean square error of approximation, parsimony normed fit index, incremental fit index, Tucker-Lewis index, and comparative fit index. The result of confirmatory factor analysis showed that three-factor model have acceptable fitness with data and factor loading for all items (except item number 23) was average and high. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients showed that GBAI-R have high reliability. Discussion: In sum, the result of current study showed that this inventory is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing attributional style in criminals.

Abstract The British Picture Vocabulary Scale (BPVSJI) is one of the most applicable and common scales for measuring children’s language abilities. This scale is useful for educational, clinical and research uses.In this research the Persian and localized version of this scale is developed and corresponding standardized, reliability and validity tests are done. 180 subjects were selected randomly from among 5. 7. 9 and 1 I years old children. Weehsier intelligence scale was used for measuring concurrent validity of the Persian version of British Picture Vocabulary Scale. The results are indicative of proper reliability, concurrent validity and diagnostic validity of the Persian version of British Picture Vocabulary Scale. Standardization results showed that the score distribution of 100 is at percentile rank of 50%. Examination of concurrent validity using Wechsler’s intelligence scale indicated the correlation 0.48 between verbal intelligence and vocabulary score. Also, examination of diagnostic validity indicated a significant difference between vocabulary scores of 5, 7, 9 and 11 years old children. Cronbach alpha was used for testing reliability. Cronbach alpha coefficient for 168 items of the Persian Version of British Picture Vocabulary Scale was calculated as 0.84. Based on these findings we can conclude that this vocabulary scale has proper psychometric characteristics for being applied by Persian-speaking children and individuals. Moreover, the larger variance seen in distribution of scores in this research in comparison to standardized samples studied in other countries probably indicates more class differences in the society considered in this research.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to standardize and normalize the health concerns questionnaire-54 (HCQ-54) to assess the health concerns of Iranian undergraduates at the state-run universities in Tehran, including University of Tehran, Tarbiat Mo'allem University, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Shahid Beheshti University, Sharif University of Technology and Amir Kabir University of Technology. To this aim, 2000 undergraduates were selected using the random multi-stage sampling method. The general reliability of the scale and its subscales was computed through internal consistency. The results indicated excellent internal consistency (general Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.803, somatic concerns = 0.894, mental concerns = 0.939, social concerns = 0.646) and proved statistically satisfactory. Moreover, the construct validity of the scale was investigated through factor analysis of principal components with varimax rotation, after which a factor emerged that accounted for 28.843% of the total variance of the scale. The cutoff point of the study was 62 with sensitivity and specificity standing at 80% and 72%, respectively. The independent t-test showed no significant difference between male and female students on the HCQ-54 subscales.

Abstract The present study aims to prepare and standardize a teenagers' gender identity questionnaire for 15-18 year-old teenagers of Tehran city. The questionnaire included 91 questions measuring four scales, including successful identity, premature identity, serotinous identity and troubled identity. 580 high-school students (454 females and 126 males) of Tehran city in the school year 2010-2011 were randomly selected as the sample volume. The construct validity of the questionnaire was assessed by factor analysis of main components and varimax rotation, and four factors were derived from the questionnaire. Moreover, Bennion and Adams' identity status measurement questionnaire and Bem's sex role questionnaire were used to measure the criterion validity of teenager's gender identity questionnaire. The validity coefficient of the questionnaire and its scales was determined by Cronbach's alpha coefficient to fluctuate between 0.73 and 0.82. After the marks received by male and female students were compared, the questionnaire norms for each scale were calculated and recoded on the basis of T and Z scaled marks.

Abstract Background: Different ways to express anger and its consequences is allocated to a special place in fundamental and applied psychological research. Constructing and validating a useful scale to measure anger is also another important point.     
Objective: The aim of this research was to make and to find norms of multidimensional anger scale (anger arousal, hostile outlook, external and internal angers and anger-eliciting situations) among high school students.
Method: The theoretical principles of the previous studies were studied first. Then, the researchers designed a questionnaire based on the framework resulted from studying the achieved resources. After studying the form and content of the raised questions in relation to each of the sub-tests and removing the inappropriate ones, 29 questions were performed for the final performance on a group composed of 400 students (212 males and 188 females) who were slected by the relative classification and random testing method.
Results: The result of factor analysis by cycle method of Varimex of five factors equaling to 0/88, variance expression paralleling to theoretical principles of the structure were indicated .The sustainability of the questionnaire through Kranbuch alfa 0/87 and testing method-retest 0/81 and correlational results between the first and second performances in the five factors are 0/79 (Anger arousal), 0/81(Anger out), 0/77 (Hostile outlook) 0/86(Anger In), 0/83 (Anger-Eliciting Situation) respectively. The division method was used to get sure of the sustainability for the two halves 0/85 and 0/82 respectively. The total sustainability of the assumed test was 0/77. After analyzing the data, finding the norms, cut point and interference rate were calculated. The cut point for this test, in proportion with the average and standard deviation was 88/01. According to this cut point, the percent of interference rate 7/2 in the whole sample was 3/8 for the male and 11/2 for the female.
Conclusion: it can be suggested the multidimensional anger scale is a valid instrument to measure students' anger.  
 
 

Abstract Background: Academic procrastination has been an important debate in recent years, and many researchers see it as a bad habit (Chase, 2003) and also a behavioral problem that many adults experience it in their daily activities (Johansen and Carton, 1999).
Objective: The main purpose of this research was to examine the psychometric properties of academic procrastination test.
Method: 247 (142 females and 105 males) students of Payame Noor University of  Ahvaz  were selected using randomly multi-stage cluster sampling method.
Results: A factor analysis, using the principal components analysis (vaimax rotation) resulted in three factors that consisted of 61/11% of variance. Cronbach's Alpha reliability coeffients (internal consistency) were satisfactory for the whole scale was ./85 (first factor: 0/77 , second: 0/6 & third factor: 0/70. Factor analysis showed that constructed test combined from 3 factor (deliberating procrastination, Physical-mental causing procrastination, and procrastination causing without programming. Validity of this test obtained through relation between Tuckman (1991) questionnaire with constructed test (0/ 35).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the academic procrastination test has a good reliability and validity, and is a useful instrument to assess students' academic procrastination.
 

Abstract The current investigation has been done for the purpose of the standardization of the social problem solving inventory (SPSI ) amongst students of the faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences of Tabatabaey university in 1387-88. For this purpose, a sample of 200 students consisting 154 females and 46 males was selected based on categorical sampling, and the students were tested according to the social problem solving inventory ( SPSI) and social adjustment micro-scale of the adjustment questionnaire. Results showed that considering the Alfa value ( 0.85 )of the five factors measured, and the reliability value ( R = 0.88 ), the SPSI enjoys an acceptable rate of reliability. What’s more, the study of the factorial structure signifies the presence of 5 factors including ( APS ), ( RPS ), ( ICPS ), ( PPO ) and ( NPO ). Moreover the exploratory study of the relationship between the variables of the investigation showed that social problem solving ability would explain significantly social adjustment (R=0.304). In general, the results found in regards to the managing structure of the SPSI and the relation between the variables of the investigation, proved consistent with the precedent studies.
 


 

Abstract The present study has been carried out with the aim of standardizing invitational teaching survey (ITS) and investigating its relationship with intelligence beliefs and performance of high school students in Kashmar city (Iran). The research population comprised all male and female students studying at high schools in the academic year of 2009-2010 in Kashmar town. The research sample included 540 students (270 females, 270 males), selected through multi-stage random sampling: the city was divided into three regions (north, center, south), then four schools in each region and three classes in each school were randomly selected. Research instruments consisted of (a) Invitational Teaching Survey (Amos, Purkey, Tobias, 1980; Revised 1990; shaw 2003); (b) Intelligence Beliefs Questionnaire (Zabihi, 2005). Grade point average was used as an indicator of students' academic performance. Data were analyzed using step by step regression analysis, Pearson correlation, one-sided ANOVA, and t-test. The results showed that (a) the invitational teaching survey has high reliability and validity; (b) incremental and inherent components of intelligence beliefs and consideration, patience, skill, and commitment components of invitational education are the best predictors of students academic performance; (c) there is a significant relationship between  invitational education components and those of intelligence beliefs; (d) there is significant relationship between intelligence beliefs and academic performance. These findings have some implications for effective teaching and learning, which are discussed in this article